Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a surgical procedure used to remove large kidney stones that cannot be passed naturally or treated with less invasive methods. PCNL is particularly effective for stones larger than 2 centimeters, located in the kidney or upper ureter.

The procedure involves making a small incision in the patient’s back and creating a direct pathway to the kidney. A nephroscope, a specialized instrument, is inserted through this pathway to visualize and break down the stones using ultrasonic or laser energy. The fragments are then removed using suction.

PCNL is typically performed under general anesthesia and takes about 2 to 4 hours. After the surgery, patients usually stay in the hospital for a couple of days for monitoring and pain management. A temporary nephrostomy tube may be placed to drain urine from the kidney during the initial recovery period.